Sumerian Lexicon
Online English to Sumerian Dictionary
I’m building this Sumerian-to-English online dictionary out as I post my Simple Sumerian Language Lessons, so if you don’t see what you’re looking for yet, check back later. And of course, you can find an extensive list of Sumerian language resources here.
a
a 𒀀 n., water; semen; progeny; canal; flood. part., suff., in, at, when (loc.); nominalizing suffix.
a-a 𒀀𒀀 n., father.
ab 𒀊 n., sea; opening; nook. part., inf., third person (impersonal) ergative infix -b- “by it/them” when preceded by /a/; indirect object infix -b- when preceded by /a/.
a-ba 𒀀𒁀 pron., inter., who? (OS x2, OA x3, NS x20, OB x308)
a-da-al 𒀀𒁕𒀠 adv., now. exclam., (right) now! (OB x9).
a-da-al-la-bi 𒀀𒁕𒀠𒆷𒁉 adv., henceforth (OB x1).
a-da-al-la-bi 𒀀𒁕𒀠𒆷𒁉 adv., henceforth (OB x1).
a-da-al-ta 𒀀𒁕𒀠𒋫 adv., henceforth (OB x1).
a-da-la-bi 𒀀𒁕𒆷𒁀 adv., henceforth (OB x1).
a-dab6 𒀀𒍏 n., linen; item of clothing.
a-da-lam 𒀀𒁕𒇴 adv., now. exclam., (right) now! (OB x14).
a-gin7 𒀀𒁶 adv., thus (OS x1, OA x2, OB x 154)
áĝ 𒉘 v., to measure, check.
a-ḫi-aš 𒀀𒄭𒀸 adv., quickly (OB x1).
ak 𒀝 v., to do, act; make into; place. part., suff., of (gen.).
(a)kam (𒀀)𒄰 mut., genitive ak 𒀝 + 3rd person singluar copula àm 𒀀𒀭 = (a)kam (𒀀)𒄰.
(a)ke4 (𒀀)𒆤 mut., genitive ak 𒀝 + ergative e 𒂊 = (a)ke4 (𒀀)𒆤.
àm 𒀀𒀭 cop., he/she/it is.
am6 𒀭 cop., he/she/it is (OS).
ama 𒂼 n., mother.
àm-muš 𒀀𒀭𒈲 num., three (3) (variation of eš 𒌍) (OB x1).
àm-mu-uš 𒀀𒀭𒈬𒍑 num., three (3) (variation of eš 𒌍) (OB x1).
an 𒀭 n., heaven; high. adv., above (OA x1). det., indicates the name of a deity. part., inf., 3rd person (pers.) infix when preceded by /a/.
a-na 𒀀𒈾 pron., inter., what? (OS x2, OA x1, NS x73, OB x394), why? (OB x10); poss. his/her (gen., loc.) (earlier periods) (a)na (𒀀)𒈾.
a-na-àm 𒀀𒈾𒀀𒀭 pron., inter., what? (OB x23).
a-na-aš 𒀀𒈾𒀸 pron., inter., why? (OA x1, NS x8, OB x68).
a-na-áš 𒀀𒈾𒀾 pron., inter., why? (NS x3).
a-na-bi 𒀀𒈾𒁉 adv., above (OS x1).
an-ga 𒀭𒂵 adv., conj., moreover (OB x7).
a-na-gin7 𒀀𒈾𒁶 pron., inter., how? (OB x76).
a-ne 𒀀𒉈 pron., ind., he/she (OS x7, NS x9, OB x20).
a-né 𒀀𒉌 pron., ind., he/she (OA x1). part., suff., poss., (a)né (𒀀)𒉌 his/her (erg., dir.), variation used when his/her modifies a plural noun (earlier periods).
a-ne-ne 𒀀𒉈𒉈 pron., ind., he/she (OS x1, OB x3). part., suff., poss., (a)ne-ne (𒂊)𒉈𒉈 their (pers.) (abs., erg., dir., gen.) (with a 𒀀 (loc.)) (with ra/er 𒊏/𒅕 (dat.)) (with da/ta/šè/gin7 𒁕/𒋫/𒂠/𒁶 (com., abl., term., equ.)) (earlier periods).
an-ĝá 𒀭𒂷 adv., conj., however (OB x1).
(a)ni (𒀀)𒉌 pron., poss. his/her (abs.) (with da/ta/gin7 𒁕/𒋫/𒁶 (com., abl., equ.)) (with ra/ir 𒊏/𒅕 (dat.)) (with šè/iš 𒂠/𒅖 (term.)) (earlier periods).
anše 𒀲 n., donkey; equid; pack animal.
an–šè 𒀭𒂠 adv., above (OA x1, OB x5).
an-ta 𒀭𒋫 adv., above (OS x12, NS x1, OB x2).
a-ra 𒀀𒊏 prep., mathematical function ‘times’ (OB x6).
a-rá 𒀀𒁺 prep., mathematical function ‘times’ (OS x8, OA x196, NS x6489, OB x572).
a-rá-a-rá 𒊏 prep., mathematical function ‘times’ (OB x1).
árad 𒀵 n., slave, servant.
aš 𒀸 , one (1), likely pronounced /ašu/ (OS x5, OA x3, NS x364, OB x116); six (6) (OB x4).
àš 𒐋 num., six (6), likely pronounced /yašu/ (OB x13).
a-ša4 𒀀𒁺 adv., now. (OB x1)
á-še 𒀉𒊺 adv., now (OB x28).
á-šè 𒀉𒂠 adv., now (OB x 4).
B
ba 𒁀 n., allotment, portion; wages. v., to give; pay; divide; distribute; allot. pron., dem., of this/that (gen.). part., pref., conjugational prefix; suff., poss., its (impers.) (gen., loc.); their (impers.) (gen., loc.).
ba-an 𒁀𒀭 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period (OS x69, OA x8, NS x17, OB x6).
ba-anzabar 𒁀𒀭𒌓𒅗𒁇 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period (NS x1).
giba-an 𒄀𒁀𒀭 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period (NS ĝešba-an 𒄑𒁀𒀭 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period (NS x18, OB x31).
urudba-an 𒍏𒁀𒀭 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period (NS x2).
babbar 𒌓 adj., bright; white. v., to be bright; white.
bán 𒑏 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period (NS x2, OB x21).
bàn 𒌉 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period (OS x1).
x12, OB x1).
dugbàn 𒂁𒑏 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period (OB x2).
ĝešbàn 𒄑𒑏 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period (OA x1, NS x1, OB x5).
bar-zu-šè 𒁇𒍪𒂠 adv., for the sake of that; on the occasion of that.
bé (bi) 𒁉 pron., dem., this, that (similar to ‘the’) (x261) (ba 𒁀 gen.). part., suff., poss., its (impers.)(erg., dir.); their (impers.) (erg., dir.); its/their (impers.) when used modifying a plural noun.
bi (bé) 𒁉 pron., dem., this, that (similar to ‘the’) (x261) (ba 𒁀 gen.). part., part., suff., poss., its/their (impers.) (with ra/ir 𒊏/𒅕 (dat.)) (with šè/iš 𒂠/𒅖 (term.)).
bíl-la-bé 𒉋𒆷𒁉 adv., feverishly.
bur 𒁓 n., square surface measurement of approximately 6.5 hectares (OA x11).
bùr 𒌋 n., square surface measurement of approximately 6.5 hectares (OA x2, NS x146, OB x6).
bùriku 𒌋𒃷 n., square surface measurement of approximately 6.5 hectares (OB x3).
bùr–bùr–bùr iku𒌋𒌋𒌋𒃷 n., square surface measurement of approximately 6.5 hectares (OBx1).
búr-ra-bé 𒁔𒊏𒁉 adv., openly.
D
da 𒁕 n., arm; edge, line; near, close. v., to be near, hold, protect. part., suff., with (com.).
dab5 𒆪 v., to seize, take, hold; bind; envelop, overwhelm; accept; choose.
daĝal-bi 𒂼𒁉 adv., widely.
da-ré-eš 𒁕𒌷𒌍 adv., forever.
diĝir 𒀭 n., god, deity. det., indicates the name of a deity (abbr. d).
di-il5 𒁲𒂖 v., to be single, sole, unique; to be alone (variation of dili 𒀸) (NS x1, OB x5).
dili 𒀸 v., to be single, sole, unique; to be alone (OS x11, NS x5, OB x351).
di-li 𒁲𒇷 v., to be single, sole, unique; to be alone (variation of dili 𒀸) (OB x3).
dili-bé 𒀸𒁉 adv., conj., they alone (impers.).
dili-dili 𒀸𒀸 v., to be single, sole, unique; to be alone (variation of dili 𒀸) (OB x16).
dili-zu-šè 𒀸𒍪𒂠 adv., by yourself.
dilmunki 𒉌𒌇𒆠 n., ancient city/territory near the Persian Gulf in modern-day Kuwait.
diri-bé 𒋛𒀀𒁉 adv., surpassingly.
dirig-bi 𒋛𒀀𒁉 adv., excessively.
diri-zu-šè 𒋛𒀀𒍪𒂠 adv., more than you.
diš 𒁹 adj., single, unique. num., one (1) (OS x4, OA x5, NS x21, OB x113).
dišₓ(U) 𒌋 adj., single, unique. num., one (1) (variation of diš 𒁹) (OB x2).
di-ta 𒁲𒋫 adj., single, unique. num., one (1) (variation of diš 𒁹) (OB x7).
dù 𒆕 v., to beget; bear (a child); be born; build, create, fashion, make; transform, change; replace.
dùb 𒄭 n., knee.
dub-saĝ 𒁾𒊕 adv., conj., first; before .
dub-sar 𒁾𒊬 n., scribe.
dug4-saĝ 𒅗𒊕 adv., conj., first; before.
dumu 𒌉 n., child, son, daughter.
du7-na-bi 𒌌𒈾𒁉 adv., if you please; in the proper way
du9-na-bi 𒁔𒈾𒁉 adv., humbly.
dúr 𒂉 n., anus, buttocks; dwelling. v., to sit (intrans. m. sg.); be seated; set down; break wind; occupy, dwell (transitive durun 𒂉𒂉 (h./m. pl.).
durun 𒂉𒂉 v., to sit (h./m. pl.) (trans.).
E
e 𒂊 v., to speak, say; do; water. part., suff., (performed) by [the agent]; in, at, beside (directive); plural hamṭu (perfective) suffix; marû (imperfective) singular/plural suffix.
é 𒂍n., house; temple.
eden 𒂔 n., desert; plain, steppe, open country.
e-en 𒂊𒂗 adv., conj., so (OB x20).
é-gal 𒂍𒃲 n., palace.
eger-bé 𒂕𒁉 adv., behind that, after that (time/space).
eger-bi 𒂕𒁉 adv., behind that, after that (time/space).
eger-bi-ta 𒂕𒁉𒋫 adv., since then, thereafter (OB x3).
eger-ra 𒂕𒊏 adv., afterwards (OB x7).
egir 𒂕 adv., after, afterwards (OB x5) .
egir4 𒌈 adv., after, afterwards (OB x1).
egir5 𒈱 adv., after, afterwards (NS x1).
egir-ba 𒂕𒁀 adv., afterwards (NS x2)
egir5-ni-ta 𒈱𒉌𒋫 adv., after, afterwards (NS x1).
eme 𒅴 n., tongue; language; speech.
eme-ĝir15 𒅴𒂠 n., prop., the Sumerian language.
en 𒂗 adv., conj., so (OB x1). part., inf., ergative infix when preceded by /e/.
èn 𒇷 pron., ind., he/she (variation of e-ne) (OB). part., compound verbal nominal element.
e-na 𒂊𒈾 adv., conj., until, up to; as many as (OS x69, OA x3, NS x49, OB x76). part., suff., poss., (e)na (𒂊)𒈾 his/her (gen., loc.) (later version of (a)na (𒀀)𒈾).
e-ne (𒂊)𒉈 pron., ind., he/she, him/her (variation: èn 𒇷 (OB)); to whom (OB); to you (pl.) (OB); dem., that one (pers.), inter., what? (OB x11). part., suff., plural marker (e)ne (𒂊)𒉈 (pers.).
(e)né (𒂊)𒉌 part., suff., poss., his/her (erg., dir.), used when his/her modifies a plural noun (later version of (a)né (𒀀)𒉌).
en-ga 𒂗𒂵 adv., conj., moreover (OB x5).
den-ki 𒀭𒂗𒆠 n., prop., Sumerian god of fresh water, creation, wisdom, and crafts.
den-líl 𒀭𒂗𒆤 n., prop., Sumerian god of air, wind, and storms; considered the binding force between heaven and earth.
en-na-bi-šè 𒂗𒈾𒁉𒂠 pron., inter., how long? (OB x2).
en-na-bi-šè-àm 𒂗𒈾𒁉𒂠𒀀𒀭 adv., conj., until, up to; as many as (OB x3)
en-nam 𒂗𒉆 pron., inter., what? (OS x5, NS x1).
en-na-me-šè 𒂗𒈾𒈨𒂠 pron., inter., how long? (OB x4).
e-ne-éš 𒂊𒉈𒂠 adv., now. (OB x10)
èn-ne-na-bi-šè 𒇷𒉈𒈾𒁉𒂠 pron., inter., how long? (OB x1).
e-ne-ne (𒂊)𒉈𒉈 pron., ind., they/them (pers.) (NS, OB) (variation: e-ne-e-ne 𒂊𒉈𒂊𒉈 (OB x2)). part., suff., poss., (e)ne-ne (𒂊)𒉈𒉈 their (pers.) (abs., erg., dir., gen.) (with a 𒀀 (loc.)) (with ra/er 𒊏/𒅕 (dat.)) (with da/ta/šè/gin7 𒁕/𒋫/𒂠/𒁶 (com., abl., term., equ.)) (later version of (a)ne-ne (𒂊)𒉈𒉈).
(e)ni (𒂊)𒉌 part., suff., poss., his/her (abs.) (with da/ta/gin7 𒁕/𒋫/𒁶 (com., abl., equ.)) (with ra/ir 𒊏/𒅕 (dat.)) (with šè/iš 𒂠/𒅖 (term.)) (later version of (a)ni (𒀀)𒉌).
en-šè-àm 𒂗𒂠𒀀𒀭 adv., conj., until, up to; (OB x2).
èn-šè-àm 𒇷𒂠𒀀𒀭 adv., until now.
èn-tukum-šè 𒇷𒋗𒃻𒌉𒇲𒂠 adv., immediately.
érin 𒂟 n., people; troops; worker.
eš 𒌍 num., three (3), likely pronounced /ešu/ (OS x4, NS x45, OB x15).
éš 𒂠 v., to anoint. part., suff., by it/them (inst?); to(ward) (term.); personal suffix ‘they/them’ when the root verb ends in /e/; adverbial suffix.
eš₃ 𒀊 num., three (3) (OB x1).
eš5 𒐈 num., three (3) (OS x2, OA x1, NS x3, OB x71).
eš6 𒐁 num., three (3) (OB x2).
eš-a-bi 𒌍𒀀𒁉 num., three (3) (NS x9).
G
ga 𒂵 n., milk. v., to bring, carry. part., pref., cohortative prefix meaning ‘let me/I shall’. part., suff., nominalizing suffix when preceded by /g/.
ga-ab-šúm 𒂵𒀊𒋧 n., seller.
gaba-bi-šè 𒃮𒁉𒂠 adv., facing, opposing, confronting it.
gal 𒃲 v., to be big, great, large, mighty. adj., big, great, large, mighty.
gal-bé 𒃲𒁉 adv., greatly.
gal-bi 𒃲𒁉 adv., greatly.
gal-bi-šè 𒃲𒁉𒂠 adv., greatly, well.
gal-le-eš 𒃲𒇷𒌍 adv., greatly, well.
gal-zu 𒃲𒍪 adj., intelligent, wise.
gaz 𒄤 v., to kill, slaughter; break; grind; crush, smash.
gen7 (gim, gin7) 𒁶 part., suff., like, as, just as; instead of; during (equat.); alternative reading of gin7.
gibil 𒉋 v., to be fresh, new; to make new, renovate.
gibil-bé 𒉋𒁉 adv., newly, anew.
gibil-bé-šè 𒉋𒁉𒂠 adv., newly, anew.
gim (gin7, gen7) 𒁶 part., suff., like, as, just as; instead of; during (equat.); alternative reading of gin7 .
gin7 (gim, gen7) 𒁶 part., suff., like, as, just as; instead of; during (equat.).
gud-e-ša 𒄞𒂊𒊭 adj., single, unique. num., one (1) (variation of diš 𒁹) (OB x1).
gú-e-a 𒄘𒂊𒀀 adv., later (OB x1).
gud (gu4) 𒄞 n., bull; ox; cattle.
gur 𒄥 n., unit of capacity equivalent to 144 sìla 𒋡 in OS, or 300 sìla 𒋡 in OA/NS (OS x1726, OA x2927, NS x49312, OB x804).
duggur 𒂁𒄥 n., unit of capacity equivalent 300 sìla 𒋡 in OA/NS (OB x1).
gur-ra 𒄥𒊏 adv., in return.
gu-za 𒆪𒃻 n., throne; chair.
ĝ
ĝá 𒂷 pron., ind., I (especially before a case marker ending in /a/—alternative reading of ĝe26 𒂷). part., suff., poss., my (gen., loc.); nominalizing suffix when preceded by /ĝ/.
ĝá-a 𒂷𒀀 pron., ind., I (Variation of ĝá-e 𒂷𒂊) (OB x2).
ĝá-e 𒂷𒂊 pron., ind., I (OS, OA, NS, OB).
ĝál 𒉌𒅅 , to exist; be (somewhere); to cause to be; to dwell.
ĝe26 𒂷 pron., ind., I (may be read ĝá 𒂷 before a case marker ending in /a/) (NS, OB).
ĝe26-e 𒂷𒂊 pron. ind., I (especially before the enclitic copula (alternative reading of ĝá-e 𒂷𒂊).
ĝen 𒁺 v., intrans., to go/come; flow, set out, turn into (transform).
ĝéš(d) 𒐕 num., sixty (60) (OA x1, NS x52, OB x9).
ĝéš-da 𒐕𒁕 num., sixty (60) (NS x141).
ĝéš-u 𒐞 num., six hundred (600) (Post-OB x10).
ĝi6 𒈪 adv., in/during the night.
ĝir15 (gi7) 𒂠 v., to be native; local; domesticated. adj., native, domestic; noble.
ĝiš 𒄑 n., tree, wood; tool; organ; plow. adj., wooden. det., indicates a type of tree, or wooden object.
ĝu10 𒈬 pron., poss., my (abs., erg., dir.) (with ra/úr 𒊏/𒌫 (dat.)) (with šè/uš 𒂠/𒍑 (term.)) (with da/ta/gin7 𒁕/𒋫/𒁶 (com., abl., equ.)) (with um 𒌝 before the enclitic copula).
ḫ
ḫé 𒃶 part., suff., modal prefix meaning ‘let him/her/it’, or ‘he/she/it will indeed’.
ḫé-na-nam 𒃶𒈾𒉆 adv., conj., so, thus (OB x2).
ḫi 𒄭 v., to mix (up); process.
ḫuĝ 𒂠 v., to pacify; hire, rent; rest.
ḫuĝ-ĝá adv., hired.
ḫúl-ḫúl-e 𒄾𒄾𒂊 adv.,, joyfully.
ḫúl-la-bé 𒄾𒆷𒁉 adv., happily, joyfully, gladly.
ḫúl-la-e 𒄾𒆷𒂊 adv., happily.
ḫúl-la-né/na 𒄾𒆷𒉌/𒈾 adv., he being happy, he joyfully.
ḫur 𒄯 adv., ever (again) (OB x43).
I
i 𒄿 adv., conj., and; also; but (NS x1).
ì 𒉌 n., butter, oil, fat, cream; oil container. part., pref., stand-alone first-person agentive prefix “I”; conjugational prefix (indicates distance from speaker).
ía 𒐊 num., five (5), likely pronounced /ya/ (NS 2, OB x59).
íb 𒌈 n., hips; middle. v., to be angry; to curse. part., pref., stand-alone agent prefix “he/she/it” (impers.).
i-da-al 𒄿𒁕𒀠 adv., now. exclam., (right) now! (OB x3).
i-dal 𒄿𒊑 adv., now. exclam., (right) now! (OB x1).
i-da-lam 𒄿𒁕𒇴 adv., now. exclam., (right) now! (OB x3).
ì-ge-en 𒉌𒄀𒂗 adv., really; but no (OB x5).
ì-ge4-en 𒉌𒄄𒂗 adv., really; but no (OB x1).
igi-bé 𒅆𒁉 adv., at its front, at the fore.
igi N ĝál 𒅆N𒅅 nu., fraction indicating one-Nth (lit., ‘it is the reciprocal of the number’) (OA x56, NS x1788, OB x39).
i-gi-in-zu 𒄿𒄀𒅔𒍪 adv., as if (OB x2).
i-gi4-in-zu 𒄿𒄄𒅔𒍪 adv., as if, as though (OB x22)
i-gi4-in-zu7 𒄿𒄄𒅔𒂄 adv., as if (OB x5).
igi-na 𒅆𒈾 adv., in front of him.
igi-su 𒅆𒋢 adv., as if (OB x1).
igi-šè 𒅆𒂠 adv., to the front, to the fore, before.
igi-zu 𒅆𒋢 adv., conj., if; as if (NS x1).
i-im-mèn 𒄿𒅎𒁺 num., two (2) (OB x1).
ilimmu 𒑆 num., nine (9), possbly pronounced /yalimmu/ (OB x5).
imin 𒅓 num., seven, (7), possibly pronounced /yaminu/ (OS x4, OA x1, NS x23, OB x163).
dimin 𒀭𒅓 num., seven (7) (OB x1).
im-ma 𒅎𒈠 adv., last year (OS x 2, OA x23, NS x168, OB x5).
in 𒅔 n., abuse; insult, offense. adv., conj., until, up to; as many (OB x2). part., pref., stand-alone agent prefix “he/she/it” (pers.).
i-ne now 𒄿𒉈 adv., now (OB x3).
ì-ne-éš 𒉌𒉈𒂠 adv., henceforth (OB x2); now (OB x57).
iri 𒌷 n., city, town, village, district. prep., mathematical function ‘times’ (OB x1). det., indicates the name of a city.
iriki 𒌷𒆠 prep., mathematical function ‘times’ (OB x1).
iti-da 𒌗𒁕 adv., in a month, monthly.
K
ka 𒅗 n., mouth; opening; beginning, origin; body part. part., suff., ‘of’ (gen.) (mutation of ak 𒀝 when anlaut /a/ assimilates to the proceeding vowel {ĝu10 + ak = ĝá-ka}.
kalag 𒆗 v., to be strong, mighty, powerful; to strengthen, repair. adj., strong, swift.
kam (𒀀)𒄰 mut., when following a vowel, genitive ak 𒀝 + 3rd person singluar copula àm 𒀀𒀭 = (a)kam (𒀀)𒄰.
ke4 (𒀀)𒆤 mut., when following a vowel, genitive ak 𒀝 + ergative e 𒂊 = (a)ke4 (𒀀)𒆤.
ki 𒆠 n., earth, area. prep., where. det., indicates a geographic location.
ki-a 𒆠𒀀 adv., in place, here.
ki áĝ 𒆠𒉘 v., to love, show affection.
ki áĝ-ĝá 𒆠𒉘𒂷 n., beloved.
ki-ba 𒆠𒁀 adv., in this place, here.
ki-bi-šè 𒆠𒁉𒂠 adv., to that place, thither.
ki-ĝá 𒆠𒂷 adv., in/at my place, with me.
ki-šár 𒆠𒊹 n., totality; whole earth; horizon; everywhere.
ki-ta 𒆠𒋫 adv., from the place, thence.
ku6 𒄩 n., fish. det., indicates a type of fish or (semi)aquatic animal.
kud-e-ša 𒋻𒂊𒊭 adj., single, unique. num., one (1) (variation of diš 𒁹) (OB x1).
kug 𒆬 n., (precious) metal; silver; money. v., to be pure, holy, sacred; to purify, sanctify. adj., bright, white; pure, sacred, holy.
kug-ge-eš 𒆬𒄀𒌍 adv., purely.
kur 𒆳 n., mountain(s), highland; foreign land; underworld, netherworld. v., to reach, attain; rise; to kindle, ignite; burn.
L
la 𒆷 n., abundance, plenty; luxury, wealth; joy, bliss; youthfulness; wish, desire; lust. part., spelling bridge between /l/ and /a/.
lá (lal) 𒇲 v., to be small, less, low value, insignificant; to make small, reduce, diminish, subtract; mathematical function ‘minus’ (OS x2,666, OA x1974, NS x12,064, OB x112).
le 𒇷 part., in some periods/tests, ergative postposition -e 𒂊 when preceded by /l/.
li-im-mu 𒇷𒅎𒈬 num., four (4) (OB x1).
limmu 𒐼 num., four (4) (NS x3, OB x19).
límmu 𒇹 num., four (4) (OS x2, OA x3, NS x3,612, OB x56).
limmu4 𒐽 num., four (4) (OB x4).
limmu5 𒐉 num., four (4) (OA x6, NS x2, OB x38).
limmuₓ(4(AŠ)) 𒐂𒐂 num., four (4) (OB x4).
lipiš-bé 𒀚𒁉 adv., angrily.
lú 𒇽 n., man, male; human, person.
lugal 𒈗 n., king; owner, master, lord.
lugal ku4-ku4 𒈗𒆭𒆭 adv., in the presence of the king (OB x2)
lugal kur9 𒈗𒆭adv., in the presence of the king (NS x1, OB x3)
lú-ḫuĝ-ĝá 𒇽𒂠𒂷 n., hireling; Aries (zodiac sign).
lul-aš 𒈜𒀸 adv., very (much) (OB x1).
M
ma 𒈠 part., spelling bridge between /m/ and /a/.
maḫ 𒈤 adv., powerfully, mightily.
maḫ-bé 𒈤𒁉 adv., magnificently.
maḫ-bé-šè 𒈤𒁉𒂠 adv., exaltedly.
maḫ-bi 𒈤𒁉 adv., powerfully.
máš 𒈧 n., goat; kid.
me 𒈨 n., function, office, responsibility; divine power/decree. part., suff., poss., our (abs., erg., dir., gen.,) (with a 𒀀 (loc.)) ra/da/ta/šè/gin7 (dat., com., abl., equ.,)) cop., I am (OS), you are (OS, NS), they are (NS). v., to say, tell. adv., where?
me-a 𒈨𒀀 pron., inter., where? (NS x13, OB x117).
me-àm 𒈨𒀀𒀭 pron., inter., where? (OB x20).
me-da 𒈨𒁕 pron., inter., whence? (OB x14).
me-e 𒈨𒂊 pron., inter., where? (NS x4, OB x 5).
me-en 𒈨𒂗 cop., I am, you are (sg.).
me-en-dè-en 𒈨𒂗𒉈𒂗 cop., we are (pl.).
me-en-zé-en 𒈨𒂗𒍢𒂗 cop., you are (pl.).
me-eš 𒈨𒌍 cop., they are (OB).
me-éš 𒈨𒂠 cop., they are (NS).
me-me-en 𒈨𒈨𒂗 num., seven (7) (OB x1).
me-na 𒈨𒈾 pron., inter., when? (OB x68).
me-na-àm 𒈨𒈾𒀀𒀭 pron., inter., when? (OB x11).
me-na-šè 𒈨𒈾𒂠 pron., inter., how long? (OB x13).
me-šè 𒈨𒂠 pron., inter., whither? (OB x42).
me-ta 𒈨𒋫 pron., inter., whence? (OB x12).
me(te) 𒈨𒋼 n., body, self, one’s own; creates a reflexive pronoun (with te 𒋼, used before 3rd person pronouns) (OS x5) (NS and OB variation of ní(te) 𒉎(𒋼)).
min 𒈫 num., two (2) (OS x40, OA x20, NS x466, OB x213).
mìn 𒌋𒌋 num., two (2) (NS x41, OB x6).
min4min 𒎏𒈫 num., two (2) (OB x3).
min5 𒀸𒀸 num., two (2) (OB x2).
min-na-bé 𒈫𒈾𒁉 adv., conj., both of them (impers).
mi-na-še 𒈪𒈾𒊺 pron., inter., how long? (OB x5).
mi-na-ši 𒈪𒈾𒅆 pron., inter., how long? (OB x2).
mi-úš 𒈪𒌀 num., three (3) (variation of eš 𒌍) (OB x1).
mu 𒈬 n., name; word; oath; year; entry (line on a tablet). v., to name; speak. part., inf., 1st person directive infix ‘to me (impers.)’.
mu-bala-a 𒈬𒁄𒀀 adv., next year (OB x1).
mu-bí-éš 𒈬𒉈𒂠 adv., conj., therefore.
mu-im-ma 𒈬𒅎𒈠 adv., last year.
mul 𒀯 n., celestial body, star, planet, constellation, meteor; arrow. det., indicates a celestial body or constellation.
munus 𒊩 n., female, woman.
mu-ri 𒈬𒊑 adv., thus (OB x1).
mušen 𒄷 n., bird. det., indicates a type of bird, insect, or winged animal.
N
na 𒈾 n., man; incense; rock, stone; token. part., inf., ‘to/for him/her’ (dat.).
naĝ 𒅘 n., drink. v., to drink; to irrigate, water (m. na8-na8 𒅘𒅘).
nam 𒉆 pron., inter., what? (OB x17). mut., variation of /n/ + àm.
na8-na8𒅘𒅘 v., to drink; to irrigate, water (m.)
dnanna 𒀭𒋀𒆠, prop., Sumerian god of the Moon, called the Celestial Shepherd, associated with time and bliss.
ne 𒉈 pron., dem., this/that (here) (NS x1, OB x14). part., inf., 3rd person plural directive infix ‘to them (impers.)’.
ne-e 𒂊𒉈 pron., dem., this/that (here) (OB x14).
ne-en 𒉈𒂗 pron., dem., this/that (here) (NS x1, OB x13).
ne-éš 𒉈𒂠 adv., now (OB x14).
ne-e-še 𒉈𒂊𒊺 adv., now (OB x3).
ne-nam 𒉈𒉆 adv., conj., so; thus (OB x2).
ne-ri 𒉈𒊑 adv., now (OB x2).
ni 𒉌 part., inf., locative infix indicating ‘where’. part., inf., 3rd person singular directive infix ‘to him/her (impers.)’.
ní 𒉎 n./pron. refl., self; used before all pronouns except 3rd person personal possessive (a/e)ni (𒀀/𒂊)𒉌, in which case ní-te 𒉎𒋼 is used (OS x3, OA x1, NS x300, OB x383): ní-ĝu10 𒉎𒈬 myself, ní-zu 𒉎𒍪 yourself, ní-te-né 𒉎𒋼𒉌 his/herself, ní-bi 𒉎𒁉 itself, ní-te-ne-ne 𒉎𒋼𒉈𒉈 themselves.
ní-bi 𒉎𒁉 pron., ref., itself.
ní…gíd 𒉎…𒁍 v., to stretch one’s self.
ní-ĝu10 𒉎𒈬 pron., ref., myself.
nim 𒉏 adv., above.
nimin 𒐏 num., forty (40) (OB x9).
nin 𒎏 n., lady, mistress, owner, queen; lord (sometimes found in male names).
nin9 𒎐 n., sister.
dnin-ḫur-saĝ 𒀭𒎏𒄯𒊕 n., oldest Sumerian mother goddess, embodied in the mountains; synonymous with ki 𒆠, the mother earth.
ninnu 𒐐 num., fifty (50) (NS x24, OB x37).
nisi(g) 𒊬 n., greens, vegetables. adj., blue; green; beautiful. det., indicates a type of vegetable.
niš 𒎙 num., twenty (20) (OB x19).
ní-te 𒉎𒋼 n./pron. refl., self, used before the 3rd person personal possessive pronoun (sg./pl.) (a/e)ni (𒀀/𒂊)𒉌(NS x8, OB x45).
ní-te-né 𒉎𒋼𒉌 pron., ref., his/herself.
ní-te-ne-ne 𒉎𒋼𒉈𒉈 pron., ref., themselves.
ní-zu 𒉎𒍪 pron., ref., yourself.
nu 𒉡 v., to not be. adv., no, not, without.
num 𒉏 adv., above.
nu-ub-dam 𒉡𒌒𒁮 adv., conj., before.
P
paḫ 𒈜 n., leg.
peš 𒄫 num., three (3) (OB x5).
R
ra 𒊏 v., to accompany; bear; drive; go; lead; multiply; mix, stir. part., suff., to/for (dat.).
re 𒊑 pron., dem., that, those (remoteness in space/time) (OB x113).
ré 𒌷 pron., dem., that, those (remoteness in space/time) (x2).
ri 𒊑 v., to be distant (OB x35); to cry out (OB x2). pron., dem., that, those (remoteness in space/time) (OB x34). part., inf., 2nd person directive infix ‘to you (impers.)’.
S
sìla 𒋡 n., unit of volume equivalent to approximately 1 liter.
sud-rá-šè 𒋤𒊏𒂠 adv., distantly.
š
ša 𒊭 num., three thousand six hundred (3,600) (OB x3).
ša-ar-ša-re 𒊭𒅈𒊭𒊑 num., three thousand six hundred (3,600) (OB x2).
šà-ba 𒊮𒁀 adv., in the middle of it, inside it.
šà-bi-ta 𒊮𒁉𒋫 adv., out of it, from it.
ša-dug4-ga/ba 𒊭𒅗𒁀/𒂵 adv., yesterday.
ša-ga-ba 𒊭𒂵𒁀 adv., yesterday.
šár 𒊹 n., totality; world; horizon; ball. num., three thousand six hundred (3,600) (OS x16, NS x10, OB x267).
ša-re 𒊭𒊑 num., three thousand six hundred (3,600) (OB x1).
šar-gal 𒊬𒃲 num., two hundred sixteen thousand (216,000) 216,000 (OS x1).
šár-gal 𒊹𒃲 num., two hundred sixteen thousand (216,000) (OS x2, NS x1).
šár-gal-šu-nu-tag-ga 𒊹𒃲𒋗𒉡𒋳𒂵 num., twelve million nine hundred sixty thousand (12,960,000) (lit., big 3600 untouched).
šár-šár 𒊹𒊹 num., three thousand six hundred (3,600) (OS x1, NS x4, OB x36).
šaru 𒐬 num., thirty-six thousand (36,000) (NS x5, OB x17).
še 𒊺 n., barley, grain; length of measurement equivalent to approximately 1.7 centimeters; surface measurement of approximately 432 square barley corns; unit of volume equivalent to approximately 1.7 liters; 1/180th of silver shekel (approx. 0.05 grams).
šè 𒂠 n., portion. part., suff., to(ward) (term.); personal suffix ‘they/them’ when the root verb ends in /e/; adverbial suffix.
šeš 𒋀 n., brother; colleague; assistant.
šúm 𒋧 n., garlic, onion. v., to give; lend.
šu-nim 𒋗𒉏 n., spring (time). adv., early.
šúr-bé 𒊨𒁉 adv., furiously.
T
ta 𒋫 part., suff., away from, out of; by means of; after, since (abl.)
tab 𒋰 adv., conj., together.
ta-gin7 𒋫𒁶 pron., inter., how? (OB x3).
te-e-ša 𒋼𒂊𒊭 adj., single, unique. num., one (1) (variation of diš 𒁹) (OB x1).
téš 𒌨 adv., conj., together.
te-ša 𒋼𒊭 adj., single, unique. num., one (1) (variation of diš 𒁹) (OB x4).
teš-ba 𒀸𒁀 adv., conj., together (OB x1).
téš-bé 𒌨𒁉 adv., conj., all of them; together.
téš-bi 𒌨𒁉 adv., conj., all together; in harmony (OB x6).
téš-bi-šè 𒌨𒁉𒂠 adv., conj., together.
ti-na 𒋾𒈾 adv., strongly.
tum 𒌈 n., work, action; cross-beam; quiver (of arrows). part., Akkadian feminine suffix.
tur 𒌉 n., child; young; second [in rank]. v., to be/make small; to be insufficient; to reduce. adj., young, small, little.
tuš 𒂉 n., home. v., to sit, lie down (trans. h. sg.) (h./m. pl. durun 𒂉𒂉; m. sg. dùr 𒂉); to sing; to dwell, reside, be at home, settle; set up, establish.
U
u 𒌋 num., ten (10) (NS x44, OB x81).
ù 𒅇 adv., conj., and; also; but (OS x16, OA x119, NS x9,400, OB x1,965). part., suff., mutation of ergative/directive infix in some periods when preceded by /u/.
ù 𒅇 adv., conj., and; also; but (OS x16, OA x119, NS x9,400, OB x1,965). part., suff., mutation of ergative infix in some periods when preceded by /u/.
ub 𒌒 part., inf., directive infix when preceded by /u/.
u4-ba 𒌓𒁀 adv., on that day, at that time, then.
u4-bi-ta 𒌓𒁉𒋫 adv., since that time, afterwards.
ud (u4) 𒌓 n., sun; light; day; time; weather, storm. adv., conj./mod.,when. prep., when; since.
u4-da (ud+a) 𒌓𒁕 adv., in/on the day, today; when, if.
u4-dè (ud+e) 𒌓𒉈 adv., by day.
ud-dè-eš 𒌓𒉈𒌍 adv., like the daylight.
ud-me-da 𒌓𒈨𒁕 adv., always; ever (OB x6).
ud-na-me-ka 𒌓𒈾𒈨𒅗 adv., ever; in the future (OB x2)
ud-na-me-kam 𒌓𒈾𒈨𒄰 adv., ever; in the future (OB x1)
ud-šú 𒌓𒋙 adv., daily (OA x1, OB x2).
ud-šú-a 𒌓𒋙𒀀 adv., daily (OA x2).
ud-šú-uš 𒌓𒋙𒍑 adv., daily (OB x39).
ugu-ba 𒌋𒅗𒁀 adv., on top of it.
ul4-la-bé 𒄉𒆷𒁉 adv., quickly.
ul-šè 𒌌𒂠 adv., forever.
umun8 𒋰𒋰𒋰𒀸 num., seven (7) (OB x1).
un 𒌦 part., third person pronominal element -n- when preceded by /u/.
ur5 𒄯 v., to anoint, rub in (OB x1); to bake (OS x1); adv., downstream, downward. pron., dem., this/that (over there) (OS x1, OA x1, NS x2, OB x176).
ur5-gin7 𒄯𒁶 adv., thus (OB x10).
ur-maḫ 𒌨𒈤 n., lion.
ur5-ra-àm 𒄯𒊏𒀀𒀭 adv., thus (OB x1).
ur5-gin7-nam 𒄯𒁶 𒉆 adv., thus (OB x1).
ur5-ra-a-ka-nam 𒄯𒊏𒀀𒅗𒉆 adv., thus (OB x1).
ur5-šè 𒄯𒂠 adv., thus (OB x3).
ur5-ta 𒄯𒋫 adv., thus (OB x1).
ur5-da 𒄯𒁕 adv., thus (OB x1).
ur5 𒄯 adv., thus (OB x5).
ur5-gen7 𒄯𒁶 adv., thus (OB x1).
ur5–re 𒄯𒊑 adv., thus (OB x1).
ur5-ra-bi 𒄯𒊏𒁉 adv., thus (OB x2).
ur5-bi 𒄯𒁉 adv., together (OB x1).
úri(m)ki 𒋀𒀕𒆠 n., prop., Sumerian city-state at modern Tell el-Muqayyar, in Southern Iraq (c. 3,800 – 400 BCE).
ussu 𒐍 num., eight (8) (OB x8).
uš 𒍑 n., foundation; distance; dimension; edge; man; penis. v., to support, lift; transport; join; be adjacent to. num., 60. part., suff., personal suffix ‘they/them’ when the root verb ends in /u/ {erg + √u + š}.
úš 𒍗 n., blood, gore; death. v., to block; die; be dead; kill. adj., dead.
úšu 𒌍 num., thirty (30) (OB x15).
dutu 𒀭𒌓 n., prop., Sumerian god of the sun, protection, and guidance.
Z
za 𒍝 pron., ind., you (especially before a case marker ending in /a/—variation of za-e 𒍝𒂊) (NS x1, OB x 127). part., suff., poss., your (sg.) (gen., loc.).
za-a 𒍝𒀀 pron., ind., you (especially before a case marker ending in /a/—variation of za-e 𒍝𒂊, which may be transliterated/read ze4-e 𒍝𒂊) (OB x 36).
zà-ba 𒍠𒁀 adv., at its edge, beside it.
za-e 𒍝𒂊 pron., ind., you (especially in conjunction with a copula) (may be transliterated/read as ze 𒍣 (OB x 11), or ze4-e 𒍝𒂊) (NS x1, OB x419).
zé 𒍢 pron., ind., you (OB x5)
zé-e 𒍢𒂊 pron., ind., you (NS x1, OB x 2)
zà(g)-mu 𒍠𒈬 n., new year.
záḫ-bi 𒍣𒁉 adv., to the (bitter) end; until perishing.
zi-dè-éš/šè 𒍣X𒂠 adv., loyally, faithfully.
zid-eš 𒍣𒌍 adv., truly, sincerely, reliably, righteously.
zu 𒍪 n., knowledge, wisdom. v., to know; learn, discover; teach (m. zu-zu 𒍪𒍪); be experienced. part., suff., poss., your (sg.) (abs., erg., dir.) (with da/ta/gin7 𒁕/𒋫/𒁶 (com., abl., equ.).
zu-ne-ne 𒍪𒉈𒉈 part., suff., poss., your (pl.) (abs., erg., dir., gen.) (with ra/ur 𒊏/𒌫 (dat.)) (with šè/uš 𒂠/𒍑 (term.)) (with a 𒀀 (loc.)) (with da/ta/šè/gin7 𒁕/𒋫/𒂠/𒁶 (com., abl., term., equ.)) (with um 𒌝 before the enclitic copula).
Numbers
½(gur) 𒑤 quant., 1 gur equivalent to 144 sìla 𒋡 in OS, or 300 sìla 𒋡 in OA/NS.
1/3(diš)~e 𒑥 num., 1/3.
¼(gur) 𒑣 quant., 1 gur equivalent to 144 sìla 𒋡 in OS, or 300 sìla 𒋡 in OA/NS.
2/3(diš)~e 𒑦 num., 2/3.
1(bán) 𒑏 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
1(buru) 𒐴 quant., 1 bùr 𒌋 (square surface measurement) equivellant to approximately 6.5 hectares.
1(diš).1(bán) 𒁹𒑏 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
1(diš).2(bán) 𒁹𒑐 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
1(diš).3(bán ₂) 𒁹𒑑 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
1(ĝéš) 𒐕 num., sixty (60).
1(ĝešu) 𒐞 num., sixty hundred (600).
1(šaru) 𒐬 num., thirty-six thousands (36,000).
2(aš) 𒐀 num., two (2).
2(aš@t) 𒑊 num., two (2).
2(bán) 𒑐 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
2(buru) 𒐵 quant., 1 bùr 𒌋 (square surface measurement) equivellant to approximately 6.5 hectares.
2(dišt) X num., two (2) (OS x1,074, OA x356, NS x1).
2(ĝéš) 𒐖 num., one hundred twenty (120).
2(ĝešu) 𒐟 num., one thousand two hundred (1,200).
2(šár) 𒐣 num., seven thousand two hundred (7,200).
2(šaru) 𒐭 num., seventy-two thousand (72,000).
3(aš) 𒐁 num., three (3).
3(AŠ~b) 𒐻 num., three (3).
3(aš@t) 𒑋 num., three (3).
3(bán) 𒑑 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
3(buru) 𒐶 quant., 1 bùr 𒌋 (square surface measurement) equivellant to approximately 6.5 hectares.
3(diš) 𒐈 num., three (3) (NS x3, OB x12).
3(dišt) X num., three (3) (OA x1).
3(ĝéš) 𒐗 num., one hundred eighty (180).
3(ĝešu) 𒐠 num., one thousand eight hundred (1,800).
3(šár) 𒐤 num., ten thousand eight hundred (10,800).
3(šár)@v 𒐥 num., ten thousand eight hundred (10,800).
3(šaru) 𒐮 num., one hundred eight thousand (108,000).
3(šaru@v) 𒐯 num., one hundred eight thousand (108,000).
4(aš) 𒐂 num., four (4).
4(AŠ~a) 𒐽 num., four (4).
4(aš@t) 𒑌 num., four (4).
4(bán) 𒑒 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
4(buru) 𒐸 quant., 1 bùr 𒌋 (square surface measurement) equivellant to approximately 6.5 hectares.
4(diš) 𒐉 num., four (4).
4(ĝéš) 𒐘 num., two hundred forty (240).
4(ĝešu) 𒐡 num., two thousand four hundred (2,400).
4(šár) 𒐦 num., fourteen thousand four hundred (14,400).
4(šaru) 𒐯 num., one hundred forty-four thousand (144,000).
4(U) 𒐏 num., forty (40).
4(U)~v 𒑩 num., forty (40).
4(U)@v 𒑧 num., forty (40).
5(aš) 𒐃 num., five (5).
5(aš@t) 𒑍 num., six (6).
5(bán)/4(bán@v) 𒑓 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
5(bán@v)𒑕 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
5(buru) 𒐹 quant., 1 bùr 𒌋 (square surface measurement) equivellant to approximately 6.5 hectares.
5(diš) 𒐊 num., five (5).
5(ĝéš) 𒐙 num., three hundred (300).
5(ĝešu) 𒐢 num., three thousand (3,000).
5(šár) 𒐧 num., eighteen thousand (18,000).
5(šaru) 𒐰 num., one hundred eighty thousand (180,000).
5(U) 𒐐 num., fifty (50).
5(U)~v 𒑪 num., fifty (50).
5(U)@v 𒑨 num., fifty (50).
6(aš) 𒐄 num., six (6).
6(AŠ~a) 𒑀 num., six (6).
6(aš@t) 𒑎 num., six (6).
6(bán) 𒑔 quant., 1 bán 𒑏 equivalent to 10 to 6 sìla 𒋡 depending on the period.
6(diš) 𒐋 num., six (6).
6(ĝéš) 𒐚 num., three hundred sixty (360).
6(šár) 𒐨 num., twenty-one thousand six hundred (21,600).
6(šaru) 𒐱 num., two hundred sixteen thousand (216,000).
6(U) 𒐑 num., sixty (60).
6(U)~v 𒑫 num., sixty (60).
7(aš) 𒐅 num., seven (7).
7(AŠ~a) 𒑁 num., seven (7).
7(diš) 𒐌 num., seven (7).
7(diš)~a 𒑂 num., seven (7).
7(diš)~b 𒑃 num., seven (7).
7(ĝéš) 𒐛 num., four hundred twenty (420).
7(šár) 𒐩 num., twenty-five thousand two hundred (25,200).
7(U) 𒐒 num., seventy (70).
7(U)~v 𒑬 num., seventy (70).
8(aš) 𒐆 num., eight (8).
8(diš) 𒐍num., eight (8).
8(ĝéš) 𒐜 num., four hundred eighty (480).
8(šár) 𒐪 num., twenty-eight thousand eight hundred (28,800).
8(U) 𒐓 num., eighty (80).
8(U)~v 𒑭 num., eighty (80).
9(aš) 𒐇 num., nine (9).
9(diš) 𒐎 num., nine (9).
9(diš ~a) 𒑇 num., nine (9).
9(diš ~b) 𒑈 num., nine (9).
9(diš ~c) 𒑉 num., nine (9).
9(ĝéš) 𒐝 num., five hundred forty (540).
9(šár) 𒐫 num., thirty-two thousand four hundred (32,400).
9(U) 𒐔 num., ninety (90).
9(U)~v 𒑮 num., ninety (90).
